What are common therapies for depression?

Clinicians report a range of effective therapies for depression, from psychotherapy and medications to brain stimulation and lifestyle interventions. Psychotherapy remains a cornerstone: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT) and behavioral activation are commonly recommended for mild to moderate depression, while psychodynamic therapy and problem-solving therapy are options tailored to individual needs. Group and family therapy can support social functioning and adherence, experts say.

Medication therapy often involves selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Older classes such as tricyclic antidepressants or monoamine oxidase inhibitors are used less frequently but remain options when first-line drugs are ineffective. Combination treatment — psychotherapy plus medication — is frequently more effective for moderate to severe cases, clinicians note.

For treatment-resistant depression, specialists may recommend electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine under medical supervision. Light therapy is advised for seasonal affective disorder. Clinicians emphasize regular monitoring for suicidal thoughts and side effects, especially during treatment changes.

Lifestyle interventions complement clinical care. Evidence supports regular physical activity, sleep hygiene, structured routines, and social support. Nutritional patterns and substance use are assessed as modifiable factors. Access and stigma remain barriers; stepped-care models aim to match intensity of care to symptom severity.

“Treatment should be individualized, evidence-based and safety-focused,” said Dr. Anna Lopez, a board-certified psychiatrist. Public health efforts to expand access, train clinicians in brief psychotherapies and reduce stigma are central to improving outcomes for people living with depression.

Guidelines recommend follow-up within weeks of starting treatment, dose adjustments as needed and consideration of patient preference, pregnancy status and co-occurring medical conditions; specialists also stress coordinated care with primary care providers and community resources, noting that recovery timelines vary and many people achieve significant improvement within months with sustained, evidence-based treatment and ongoing relapse prevention.