What are symptoms of depression?

City — Mental health professionals are emphasizing the range of symptoms associated with depression as clinics report rising demand for care. Clinicians define depression as a medical condition that affects mood, cognition and physical health.

Psychiatrists describe core emotional symptoms as persistent sadness, hopelessness and diminished interest or pleasure in activities previously enjoyed. Cognitive signs include difficulties concentrating, indecisiveness and recurrent negative thoughts. Behavioral indicators often cited are social withdrawal, reduced productivity and changes in sleep patterns.

Primary care physicians note physical and somatic complaints such as unexplained aches, changes in appetite and low energy. Pediatric specialists emphasize that children and adolescents may show irritability, academic decline and increased absenteeism. Geriatric teams warn that older adults sometimes present with confusion, slowed movements and unexplained complaints rather than overt sadness.

Experts recommend screening when symptoms persist for two weeks or longer and interfere with daily functioning. Standard assessment tools include structured interviews and validated questionnaires administered by licensed clinicians. Evidence-based treatments include psychotherapy, medication when appropriate, and collaborative care models that integrate medical and behavioral health services. Specialists stress the importance of individualized plans and monitoring for suicide risk; emergency services should be contacted if a person expresses intent to harm themselves.

Advocates encourage public education to reduce stigma and promote early help-seeking. Health systems report expanding access through telehealth and community partnerships. Researchers are calling for continued investment in workforce training and outcome tracking to improve detection and care.

Dr. Maria Alvarez, a board-certified psychiatrist at the Metropolitan Behavioral Health Center, noted that early recognition improves outcomes and urged employers, schools and families to be vigilant for warning signs and to facilitate timely assessment and referral and follow-up. Clinicians urge anyone concerned to reach out to a trusted health professional, local clinic or helpline to discuss symptoms and options for support.