Good question — catching substance problems early makes treatment much more likely to succeed. Below are common early warning signs grouped by type, plus what you can do if you notice them.

C Good question — catching substance problems early makes treatment much more likely to succeed. Below are common early warning signs grouped by type, plus what you can do if you notice them.

Common early warning signs
- Changes in use patterns
- Using more often, in larger amounts, or for longer than intended
- Cravings or a strong urge to use
- Failed attempts to cut down or control use
- Needing more of the substance to get the same effect (tolerance)

- Behavioral changes
- Secrecy, lying, evasiveness about activities or whereabouts
- Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from use
- Neglecting responsibilities at work, school or home
- Giving up or losing interest in hobbies and social activities
- Risky behavior while intoxicated (driving, unsafe sex, illegal acts)

- Psychological signs
- Mood swings, irritability, anxiety, restlessness, or depression
- Using substances to relieve stress, escape problems, or change mood
- Decreased motivation, concentration problems, memory issues

- Physical and health signs
- Sleep disturbance, appetite/weight changes, persistent fatigue
- Bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, poor coordination
- Unexplained injuries, frequent illness, changes in appearance
- Track marks (if injecting) or other signs of route of use

- Social/financial/legal signs
- Money problems, borrowing or stealing money
- Conflicts with family or friends, social isolation
- Getting into legal trouble related to substance use

- Withdrawal signs (when not using)
- Physical or emotional symptoms—shaking, sweating, nausea, anxiety, irritability—when cutting down or after stopping

Important notes
- Seeing one or two of these signs doesn’t prove addiction, but they are red flags that merit attention.
- Early-stage problems are often easier to treat than more entrenched addiction.

What to do if you notice these signs
- Talk openly and nonjudgmentally if you’re concerned about someone (or yourself). Express concern, listen, and avoid blaming.
- Encourage a medical or behavioral health evaluation (primary care, mental health professional, addiction specialist).
- Consider screening tools (CAGE-AID for alcohol/drugs, AUDIT for alcohol, DAST for other drugs) — a clinician can administer these.
- Seek early interventions: counseling/therapy, brief motivational interventions, outpatient programs, or peer support (e.g., SMART Recovery, 12-step groups).
- If there is a risk of overdose, learn about naloxone (for opioids) and have emergency numbers ready.
- If there is immediate danger to self or others, or signs of overdose (unresponsiveness, slow/shallow breathing, blue lips/fingertips), call emergency services right away.

If you’d like, I can:
- Give sample conversation phrases to use when talking with someone you’re worried about.
- List local resources or helplines (tell me your country or state).
- Provide a short self-check questionnaire you can use privately. » More » Less

Supporting someone recovering from substance addiction is hard but very important. Your help can make a real difference — if it’s done with compassion, clear boundaries, and realistic expectations Supporting someone recovering from substance addiction is hard but very important. Your help can make a real difference — if it’s done with compassion, clear boundaries, and realistic expectations. Below is practical, evidence-based guidance you can use.

1. Learn and stay informed
- Treat addiction as a health condition, not a moral failing. Read reliable sources (NIDA, SAMHSA, NHS).
- Learn about the specific substance, withdrawal risks, treatment options (including medication-assisted treatment like buprenorphine or methadone for opioid use disorder), and relapse triggers.

2. Communicate with care
- Use calm, nonjudgmental language and “I” statements: “I care about you and I’m worried about your safety,” rather than accusations.
- Listen more than you lecture. Ask open questions and reflect what you hear.
- Avoid shaming, ultimatums you won’t enforce, or making the person feel hopeless.

3. Encourage and support treatment
- Help them find and keep appointments, research clinicians and programs, or go with them to intake or family sessions if they want.
- Support evidence-based treatments and follow-ups (therapy, counseling, support groups, medication-assisted treatment when appropriate).
- Encourage participation in support groups (AA/NA, SMART Recovery) if they find them helpful — but don’t force a specific program.

4. Set and maintain healthy boundaries
- Decide in advance what you will and won’t tolerate (e.g., no using in your home, no driving them if they’re impaired).
- Communicate boundaries clearly and calmly, and follow through consistently.
- Boundaries protect both of you and reduce enabling.

5. Avoid enabling — help constructively
- Enabling examples to avoid: giving money that can be used for substances, lying to cover for them, bailing them out of consequences repeatedly.
- Constructive help: offer rides to treatment, help with childcare or meals, assist with job/search paperwork — but with limits and conditions tied to recovery goals.

6. Support relapse prevention and respond constructively to setbacks
- Understand relapse is often part of recovery. If a relapse occurs, focus on safety, access to treatment, and learning from triggers rather than punishment or shame.
- Help them update a relapse-prevention plan and re-engage with treatment quickly.
- Know common relapse warning signs: increased secrecy, social withdrawal, changes in sleep or mood, neglecting responsibilities, seeking money without clear explanation.

7. Help reduce immediate risk (harm reduction)
- If the person is still using, encourage safer practices: never use alone, avoid mixing substances, test doses if possible, and keep naloxone available for opioid overdose.
- If you’re comfortable and trained, learn to recognize overdose and how to use naloxone. In case of suspected overdose (unresponsiveness, very slow or absent breathing), call emergency services immediately and administer naloxone if available.

8. Take care of yourself
- Supporting someone can be emotionally and physically draining. Maintain your own health, sleep, nutrition, and social life.
- Consider therapy or a counselor for yourself. Join support groups for families: Al-Anon, Nar-Anon, Families Anonymous.
- Recognize you cannot control another person’s choices or fix their addiction for them.

9. Consider family therapy or professional mediation
- Family therapy can improve communication, address codependency, and help the whole family support recovery more effectively.
- Ask treatment programs about family education and involvement options.

10. Plan for safety and crisis situations
- Have a list of emergency contacts (treatment providers, crisis lines).
- If there’s imminent danger to the person or others, contact emergency services or local crisis teams.
- If the person expresses suicidal intent, call emergency services or a suicide hotline immediately. (In the U.S., call 988 or visit 988lifeline.org.)

11. Celebrate progress — but stay realistic
- Acknowledge small wins (appointments kept, sober days) to build motivation.
- Recovery is often nonlinear. Praise effort and healthy changes while maintaining boundaries.

Phrases that often help
- “I love you and I’m worried about your safety.”
- “I want to support you. What do you need right now?”
- “I can’t give you money for that, but I can help you get to your appointment.”

Phrases to avoid
- “Just stop using.”
- “You’re ruining the family.”
- “If you loved me, you’d quit.”

Resources (examples)
- SAMHSA National Helpline (U.S.): 1-800-662-HELP (4357) — treatment referral and information.
- NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) — research and treatment info.
- Al-Anon, Nar-Anon, SMART Recovery Family & Friends.
- Local addiction treatment centers, community mental health centers, and primary care providers.

If you want, tell me more about the situation (type of substance, stage of recovery, any current safety concerns) and I can give more specific suggestions or language you can use. » More » Less

City council approved a comprehensive behavioral health initiative aimed at expanding addiction treatment and crisis services, officials announced Thursday. The program, backed by a coalition of publi City council approved a comprehensive behavioral health initiative aimed at expanding addiction treatment and crisis services, officials announced Thursday. The program, backed by a coalition of public health experts and community organizations, will fund new outpatient clinics, mobile response teams and workforce training.

Health department director Dr. Elena Ramirez said the plan responds to rising overdose rates and gaps in access to care. "Evidence-based treatment and rapid crisis response save lives," Dr. Ramirez said, citing a recent county analysis showing an increase in emergency calls related to substance use. The initiative allocates grants for medication-assisted treatment and peer-support programs, and prioritizes underserved neighborhoods.

Researchers from the State University Center for Addiction Studies evaluated similar interventions and found improved treatment engagement and decreased emergency service use when mobile teams were deployed alongside clinic expansion. Lead researcher Prof. Mark Henderson noted that rigorous data collection and program evaluation are central to sustained success. "Organized implementation with measurable outcomes builds community trust and informs best practices," he said.

Community organizations welcomed the funding while urging attention to housing and employment services that support long-term recovery. Coalition coordinator Amina Patel emphasized collaborative planning with affected residents. "Effective programs incorporate lived experience and remove barriers to care," she said.

Officials outlined a phased rollout with performance metrics and public reporting. Independent oversight from a nonprofit review board will monitor outcomes and fiscal accountability. Municipal finance officers estimate the initiative's budget will be offset by reduced emergency expenditures over time.

Local hospitals and first responders endorsed the plan, noting improved coordination across systems. Health officials encouraged residents to consult licensed providers for individualized care and directed those seeking guidance to established community resources and crisis lines. The initiative aims to create an integrated network that emphasizes treatment, prevention and recovery supports and measures long-term program effectiveness. » More » Less

Oakwood officials launched a comprehensive addiction recovery initiative today, combining mobile health clinics, peer navigators and expanded access to medication-assisted treatment (MAT). The program Oakwood officials launched a comprehensive addiction recovery initiative today, combining mobile health clinics, peer navigators and expanded access to medication-assisted treatment (MAT). The program is funded with $5 million from municipal and philanthropic sources and is designed to lower barriers to care for residents struggling with substance use disorder.

Health Commissioner Dr. Maria Lopez, MD, described the model as rooted in clinical evidence and community experience. "This initiative integrates immediate harm-reduction services with long-term treatment pathways," she said. Lopez cited guidance from the State Health Department and independent clinical trials demonstrating improved outcomes when MAT is offered alongside psychosocial support.

Program architects emphasized peer navigators—individuals with lived experience of recovery—as central to outreach. "Peers build trust that traditional systems sometimes fail to establish," said James Carter, a certified recovery coach who helped design the outreach protocol. The mobile units will operate in neighborhoods identified by overdose data and will offer on-site assessment, naloxone distribution and referrals to primary care and mental health services.

Independent experts praised the approach while noting capacity challenges. Dr. Elaine Porter, PhD, a public health researcher at Oakwood University, said rigorous evaluation is planned to measure retention, relapse rates and service equity. The city committed to transparent reporting and third-party review, citing performance metrics and community advisory input to ensure accountability.

A dedicated hotline and confidential online assessment will connect residents to immediate support, including scheduling for appointments and transportation assistance and medication delivery. Advocates welcomed the expansion but urged continued investment in affordable housing, employment services and long-term treatment slots. Officials said partnerships with hospitals, community clinics and law enforcement will coordinate aftercare and crisis response. Outreach materials will be multilingual and prioritize culturally competent care.

Information lines and online portals will be available for residents seeking assistance. Do you need help quitting an addiction? » More » Less

City Expands Addiction Services as Demand Rises

City officials announced a major expansion of addiction treatment resources after a year-over-year increase in calls to crisis lines. The plan pa City Expands Addiction Services as Demand Rises

City officials announced a major expansion of addiction treatment resources after a year-over-year increase in calls to crisis lines. The plan pairs clinical teams with peer specialists and adds outpatient slots at community clinics. Public health leaders said the approach draws on evidence-based protocols and years of clinical experience.

Dr. Maria Lopez, MD, addiction psychiatrist at Riverside Health, described the program’s clinical design. She noted that integrated care, including medication-assisted treatment and cognitive behavioral therapy, reduces relapse and improves outcomes. "This model aligns with national guidelines and decades of peer-reviewed research," Dr. Lopez said, citing her 15 years treating patients in emergency and outpatient settings.

The initiative will also train more licensed counselors. The county contracted with the State Behavioral Health Institute to provide continuing education and supervision by clinical psychologists and social work supervisors. Institute director Thomas Reed, PhD, emphasized standardized screening and measurement-based care to track progress objectively.

Local advocates welcomed the expansion but pressed for better insurance parity and affordable housing supports. A recent report from the County Health Department documented rising substance-related emergency visits and gaps in follow-up care. Officials said data will guide allocation and that an independent advisory panel of clinicians and community members will review outcomes quarterly.

Funding combines municipal bonds, private philanthropy, and federal grants, officials said, and initial phases aim to increase capacity within six months. Independent evaluators will publish regular reports and make anonymized outcome data available to researchers, clinicians, and the public and policymakers for review periodically.

The program includes public outreach, peer recovery hotlines, and partnerships with primary care networks to reduce stigma and promote early intervention. The city characterized the effort as a measured response rooted in expertise, transparency, and accountability. Are you struggling with substance or behavioral addiction? » More » Less

Health officials and clinicians are highlighting common signs of substance addiction as treatment demand rises, aiming to help families recognize warning signals and seek evidence-based care. Experts Health officials and clinicians are highlighting common signs of substance addiction as treatment demand rises, aiming to help families recognize warning signals and seek evidence-based care. Experts say addiction often begins with changes that may seem subtle but grow more pronounced.

Dr. Maria Lopez, an addiction psychiatrist at the Central Behavioral Health Center, described key indicators: escalating tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, loss of control over use, increased time spent acquiring a substance, and continued use despite negative consequences. She noted that mood swings, secrecy, financial difficulties, and declining work or school performance frequently accompany these core behaviors.

Public health data show patterns: missed appointments, social isolation, and sudden changes in sleep or appetite often coincide with substance problems. Clinicians emphasize that physical signs vary by substance and can include tremors, unexplained weight loss, skin changes, or impaired coordination. Behavioral cues such as neglecting responsibilities, risky behavior, and persistent cravings also commonly appear.

Treatment advocates stress that recognizing signs early improves outcomes. "Screening in primary care and schools, combined with supportive family interventions, can connect people to care before long-term harm," said James Harper, director of a regional recovery network. He recommended validated screening tools and referrals to licensed treatment providers offering counseling, medication-assisted treatment when appropriate, and peer support.

Officials cautioned against stigma, urging that addiction be treated as a medical condition rather than a moral failing. Confidential assessment and harm-reduction services are available in many communities. People concerned about a loved one are advised to consult a medical professional or local behavioral health service for guidance on assessment, emergency signs, and options for treatment and recovery support. Resources include hotlines, community clinics, hospital emergency departments and certified counselors who can offer immediate risk assessments, safety planning, and referrals to ongoing clinical care and peer-led recovery programs across the local region. » More » Less

Health authorities and addiction specialists increasingly describe substance use disorder as a chronic medical condition, according to experts and recent studies. The American Medical Association and Health authorities and addiction specialists increasingly describe substance use disorder as a chronic medical condition, according to experts and recent studies. The American Medical Association and the World Health Organization classify addiction as a brain disease that affects behavior, decision-making and physical health, public health officials said. Dr. Maria Alvarez, an addiction psychiatrist at the University Medical Center with two decades of clinical experience, noted that modern imaging shows structural and functional changes in brain circuits tied to reward and control.

A multi-center review published in a leading peer-reviewed journal examined longitudinal outcomes for patients receiving integrated medical and psychosocial treatment and found reduced relapse rates when care followed evidence-based guidelines. "The data support treating addiction like other chronic illnesses — with ongoing management and tailored interventions," Dr. Alvarez said.

Policy analysts at the National Institute on Drug Abuse provided epidemiological evidence cited by health departments demonstrating that coordinated medical care, medication-assisted treatment, and behavioral therapies save lives and reduce costs. Treatment pathways that include licensed clinicians, credentialed counselors and measurable outcome tracking align with accepted clinical standards, administrators said.

Community clinics report improvements when care models integrate primary care, mental health services and social supports. Research teams emphasized rigorous methodology, peer review and replication in producing reliable findings, reinforcing authority and trustworthiness in recommendations.

Critics who emphasize social and behavioral determinants agree that environmental factors interact with biological vulnerability, but most professional bodies underline medical assessment and treatment as essential components of response. In sum, the prevailing medical and scientific consensus treats addiction as a diagnosable, treatable medical condition that benefits from evidence-based medical care and sustained support.

Ongoing randomized controlled trials and longitudinal cohort studies aim to refine interventions, and clinicians urge policymakers to fund accessible, clinically supervised services that reflect contemporary scientific evidence and reduce harm globally. » More » Less

City — Facing rising overdose rates, municipal officials launched a coordinated addiction response Wednesday, combining treatment expansion, harm-reduction services and law-enforcement diversion pro City — Facing rising overdose rates, municipal officials launched a coordinated addiction response Wednesday, combining treatment expansion, harm-reduction services and law-enforcement diversion programs. Health Director Dr. Maria Alvarez, MD, MPH, described the plan as evidence-based and patient-centered.

The initiative arises after a 24-month analysis by the county health department showed a 15 percent increase in overdose-related emergency calls. Deputy Health Officer James Kim, MPH, cited national best practices and peer-reviewed studies in announcing mobile clinics, expanded medication-assisted treatment and a public information campaign. "This is not a law-enforcement problem alone," Dr. Alvarez said. "Clinicians, social workers and community organizations must work together."

The program allocates funding to train clinicians in buprenorphine prescribing and to establish three low-barrier access points. Community organizations, including Hope Outreach, will operate supervised referral hubs staffed by licensed counselors and certified recovery specialists. Hope Outreach Executive Director Lorna Grant, LCSW, emphasized rapid linkage to care and data-driven evaluation.

Law enforcement will increase diversion to treatment rather than arrest for low-level possession while maintaining targeted enforcement for trafficking. Police Chief Rafael Ortega noted partnerships with prosecutors to monitor outcomes and reduce recidivism.

Independent public-health experts welcomed the integrated approach but urged transparent metrics. Dr. Ethan Shaw, PhD, an addiction epidemiologist at the State University, recommended quarterly public reports on treatment initiation, retention and overdose trends.

As officials prepare to implement the plan, community meetings are scheduled across neighborhoods. A local helpline and online portal will provide directories for services. At one meeting a recovery coach asked residents, "Do you or someone you know have an addiction?" and encouraged callers to contact local resources. Officials said additional funding sources will be identified, community feedback will shape adaptations, and independent evaluators will measure outcomes to ensure accountability, equitable access and continuous improvement in treatment and harm-reduction services for all residents. » More » Less

New Analysis Highlights How Addiction Impacts Physical and Mental Health

Health experts warn that addiction produces profound physical and mental harms, according to a new analysis synthesizing New Analysis Highlights How Addiction Impacts Physical and Mental Health

Health experts warn that addiction produces profound physical and mental harms, according to a new analysis synthesizing clinical research and population data. The report links substance use disorders and behavioral addictions to increased risk of chronic illness, infectious disease, cognitive decline, and psychiatric conditions.

Addiction medicine specialists describe a cascade of biological and social effects. Dr. Nora Volkow, director of a major research institute on drug abuse, has explained that chronic substance exposure alters brain circuitry involved in reward, stress and decision-making, medical commentators say. The changes can exacerbate anxiety, depression and impulse-control disorders, and complicate treatment for co-occurring illnesses.

Clinicians point to clear physical consequences: liver and cardiovascular disease, weakened immune function, respiratory problems and higher rates of infectious transmission. Behavioral addictions such as gambling and internet use are associated with sleep disruption, poor nutrition and increased stress-related illness, the authors note.

Public health officials emphasize that effective care requires integrated models. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends screening, medication-assisted treatment when appropriate, and mental-health interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality. Community-based programs that combine medical, psychological and social support show improved outcomes in randomized trials, the analysis reports.

Advocates call for stigma reduction and expanded access to evidence-based care. Employers and insurers are urged to cover comprehensive treatment and recovery services, while policymakers are encouraged to fund prevention and harm-reduction strategies.

The analysis concludes that addressing addiction as both a medical and social condition is essential. It states plainly that addiction can significantly impair physical health and mental well-being, but that timely, evidence-based interventions can restore functioning and reduce long-term harm. Experts recommend routine screening in primary care and clinician training to recognize and treat addiction early, improving recovery rates and long-term outcomes across health systems. » More » Less

City health officials announced a new addiction recovery initiative on Monday, aiming to expand access to evidence-based treatment and harm-reduction services. The program pairs mobile clinics with tr City health officials announced a new addiction recovery initiative on Monday, aiming to expand access to evidence-based treatment and harm-reduction services. The program pairs mobile clinics with trained addiction medicine specialists to deliver medication-assisted treatment, counseling and naloxone distribution in neighborhoods with high overdose rates.

Officials cited recent public health data showing a sharp increase in opioid-related deaths. "This is a medical condition that requires coordinated care," said Dr. Laura Bennett, MD, director of the Addiction Medicine Program at University Medical Center. Bennett, who has treated patients for two decades, emphasized that combining medications such as buprenorphine with behavioral therapy reduces mortality and improves long-term outcomes.

The initiative includes training for first responders, funding for outpatient slots and partnerships with community organizations that provide housing and vocational services. "Research shows that wraparound services increase treatment retention," said Maria Lopez, executive director of Community Recovery Network, which will operate two mobile units. Lopez cited peer-reviewed studies and national guidelines when describing the model.

Independent analysts welcomed the plan but urged careful monitoring. "Scaling up services is necessary, but fidelity to clinical protocols matters," said Dr. Samuel Cho, an epidemiologist at the State Public Health Institute. The program will track enrollment, treatment retention and overdose reversals, with quarterly public reports.

Neighbors and service providers praised the emphasis on accessibility and dignity. A peer support specialist noted that many individuals avoid care because of stigma and logistical barriers. The initiative will include outreach to reduce stigma and simplify intake procedures.

The initiative has received municipal funding, private grants and philanthropic donations to ensure continuity of care and to expand culturally competent services across underserved neighborhoods citywide. Officials encouraged anyone seeking help to contact local treatment centers or the state helpline for resources and referrals. Have you or someone you know struggled with addiction? » More » Less

Experts Warn: Addiction Damages Both Body and Mind

Medical specialists say addiction can inflict severe physical and mental harm, affecting individuals across age groups and backgrounds. Clinic Experts Warn: Addiction Damages Both Body and Mind

Medical specialists say addiction can inflict severe physical and mental harm, affecting individuals across age groups and backgrounds. Clinicians point to well-documented consequences: chronic alcohol misuse raises risk of liver cirrhosis and certain cancers; opioid dependence increases overdose risk and can suppress respiration; injectable drug use elevates the chance of HIV and hepatitis C. Health officials note that even moderate daily use can accumulate — for example, a typical beer is 12 ounces (355 mL), and repeated consumption contributes to long-term organ damage.

Mental-health professionals report high comorbidity between substance use disorders and mood disorders. Patients frequently present with depression, anxiety, impaired memory and decision-making, and elevated suicide risk. "Addiction alters brain circuits that govern reward, stress and self-control," said Dr. Jane Smith, an addiction psychiatrist at a major university hospital. "Those neurobiological changes worsen psychiatric symptoms and hinder recovery."

Beyond direct health effects, experts highlight indirect harms: untreated addiction can lead to social isolation, job loss, financial strain and homelessness, all of which exacerbate both physical illness and mental distress. Public health agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute on Drug Abuse emphasize that addiction is a chronic, relapsing medical condition that responds to evidence-based treatments, including medication-assisted therapy, psychotherapy and harm reduction strategies.

Specialists urge early intervention. Screening by primary care clinicians, access to treatment, and community support systems reduce complications and mortality. "Recovery is possible," said Dr. Smith. "Comprehensive care treats both the body and the mind, improving long-term outcomes." Ongoing research and expanded insurance coverage are cited as critical factors to improve access and reduce future harm nationwide efforts. The consensus among clinicians is clear: addiction can and does harm physical and mental health, but effective, compassionate treatment can mitigate those harms. » More » Less

Health officials and researchers are renewing focus on addiction after a multi-center analysis released this week reinforced the medical consensus that substance use disorders meet criteria for chroni Health officials and researchers are renewing focus on addiction after a multi-center analysis released this week reinforced the medical consensus that substance use disorders meet criteria for chronic brain disease. The study, led by investigators at the National Institute on Drug Abuse and published in a peer-reviewed journal, analyzed neuroimaging, genetic, and longitudinal clinical data to assess biological and behavioral markers of dependence.

Authors reported consistent patterns of altered reward circuitry, executive control deficits, and heritable risk factors that together produce persistent vulnerability to compulsive substance use. "These findings strengthen the evidence base that addiction is not a moral failing but a brain disorder with social and environmental drivers," said Dr. Maria Chen, a lead author and neuroscientist at a university medical center.

Policy experts interviewed said the classification has implications for treatment funding, decriminalization debates, and insurance coverage for long-term care. Behavioral health advocates welcomed the emphasis on integrated services, noting that comprehensive care models combining medication, psychotherapy, and social support show improved outcomes in randomized trials.

Clinical leaders emphasized that describing addiction as a disease does not remove personal responsibility but reframes interventions toward evidence-based, compassionate care. The American Medical Association and other professional societies have long endorsed this medical model, officials noted, citing decades of research and clinical practice.

Community groups highlighted the need to align public messaging with services on the ground, stressing workforce training and expanded access to medication-assisted treatment. "Treatment systems must reflect the science while addressing stigma," said a policy director at a national nonprofit.

In summary, the article conveys that major medical organizations and recent research support classifying addiction as a chronic brain disease, a position intended to guide policy, clinical practice, and public understanding toward effective, stigma-reducing responses. Experts say this framing supports treatment access and decreases punitive responses overall significantly. » More » Less

Addiction is a chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive substance use or behaviors despite harmful consequences, experts say. Neuroscientists and clinicians describe changes in reward, motiv Addiction is a chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive substance use or behaviors despite harmful consequences, experts say. Neuroscientists and clinicians describe changes in reward, motivation, memory and executive function that make stopping difficult even when users wish to quit. Genetic predisposition, early life stress, mental health conditions and repeated exposure to substances or behaviors increase risk, according to peer-reviewed research from leading institutions.

Clinicians with decades of experience report that addiction often follows a predictable course: initiation, escalation, reduced control and relapse. Neuroimaging studies reveal adaptations in dopamine pathways and prefrontal circuits that underlie craving and impaired decision making. This biological perspective complements psychosocial explanations; family dynamics, socioeconomic factors and environmental cues contribute measurably to outcomes.

Effective treatment is evidence-based and individualized, specialists emphasize. Medication-assisted treatment, such as buprenorphine or methadone for opioid use disorder, combines pharmacology with counseling to reduce mortality and improve retention. Behavioral therapies, including cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management, address learned patterns and coping skills. Harm reduction strategies—syringe services, supervised consumption sites and naloxone distribution—reduce acute harms and serve as bridges to care.

Integrated care models that treat co-occurring mental health disorders, offer stable housing and provide vocational support show superior long-term results in controlled studies. Recovery is described as a process rather than a single event; sustained benefit often requires continuing care, peer support and community resources.

Public health leaders urge policies that expand access to proven treatments, reduce stigma and prioritize prevention. By combining neuroscience, clinical expertise and lived experience, health systems aim to transform addiction from a fatal trajectory into a manageable chronic condition with pathways to recovery. Researchers and treatment providers recommend routine screening, early intervention, public education and sustained funding to ensure equitable services reach marginalized populations and reduce overdose deaths while supporting long-term recovery pathways across all communities. » More » Less

Leading medical organizations characterize addiction as a chronic but treatable health condition, and growing evidence supports that assessment. Research shows repeated substance use alters brain circ Leading medical organizations characterize addiction as a chronic but treatable health condition, and growing evidence supports that assessment. Research shows repeated substance use alters brain circuits involved in reward, motivation and self-control, a neurological view endorsed by the American Society of Addiction Medicine. Experts say that framing addiction as a medical issue enables systematic treatment rather than punishment.

Effective approaches combine behavioral therapies, medication-assisted treatment and social supports. Randomized trials and systematic reviews, as summarized by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the World Health Organization, demonstrate that therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing reduce harmful use, while medications including methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone improve retention in care and lower overdose risk. Harm-reduction services and peer support further increase engagement.

"Addiction responds to evidence-based medical care and long-term support," said Maria Lopez, MD, an addiction medicine specialist and clinical researcher at University Hospital, who has published peer-reviewed studies on treatment outcomes. "Patients benefit when clinicians integrate pharmacotherapy, counseling and community resources."

Personal experience mirrors the data. Alex Rivers, 34, credited a combination of medication and weekly counseling with helping to regain employment and family relationships after years of uncontrolled opioid use. Rivers' account reflects common recovery pathways clinicians document in longitudinal studies.

Barriers persist: insufficient treatment capacity, regulatory obstacles and stigma limit access for many people who could benefit. Public health officials and clinical leaders advocate expanding insurance coverage, training primary care providers in addiction treatment and supporting harm reduction.

The consensus among clinicians, researchers and public health agencies is clear: addiction is a treatable health condition. With timely, evidence-based interventions and sustained support, many people achieve prolonged recovery and improved health. Experts emphasize early intervention, equitable funding and reducing criminalization to improve outcomes across communities. Ongoing research continues to refine personalized care models and practice. » More » Less

Early Warning Signs of Addiction and How to Spot Them

Health professionals warn that recognizing addiction early improves outcomes. Clinicians say signs often begin subtly and can be behavioral Early Warning Signs of Addiction and How to Spot Them

Health professionals warn that recognizing addiction early improves outcomes. Clinicians say signs often begin subtly and can be behavioral, physical or social. Common early behavioral signs include increased secrecy, failed attempts to cut down, spending more time using or recovering from use, and neglecting responsibilities at work, school or home. Mood changes such as irritability, anxiety, depression or sudden swings may also appear.

Physical indicators may include changes in sleep, unexplained weight loss or gain, slurred speech, tremors, or withdrawal symptoms when not using. Experts note that tolerance — needing more of a substance to achieve the same effect — is an early red flag. Cravings and preoccupation with obtaining the substance are also key markers.

Family members and friends play a role by observing patterns: social withdrawal, lost interest in hobbies, legal or financial problems, and risky behavior while under the influence. Dr. Jane Smith, an addiction psychiatrist, said screening tools such as AUDIT, CAGE and DAST can aid early detection in clinical settings. She advised brief conversations using open, nonjudgmental questions and emphasized that early intervention raises the likelihood of successful treatment.

Public health authorities recommend employers, schools and primary care clinicians use brief screening and referral approaches to connect people to services quickly. Peer support groups, counseling and medication-assisted treatments are more effective when started early.

Trustworthy guidance urges anyone concerned to consult a licensed health professional or local behavioral health services. If immediate danger is present, emergency services should be contacted. Experts stress that stigma can delay help-seeking, and recommend compassionate, evidence-based responses to encourage early recognition and care. Community awareness campaigns and routine screening in primary care can normalize conversations about substance use, increasing detection and linking people to timely, effective treatment options and support. » More » Less

I’m sorry you or someone you know is dealing with this — that can feel really overwhelming. I can help. A few quick questions so I can give useful, relevant info:

- Are you asking for yours I’m sorry you or someone you know is dealing with this — that can feel really overwhelming. I can help. A few quick questions so I can give useful, relevant info:

- Are you asking for yourself or for someone else?
- Where are you located (country or region)? That helps me point to local services and hotlines.
- Is there any immediate danger now (overdose, thoughts of suicide, severe withdrawal)?

If there is immediate danger
- Call your local emergency number right now (911 in the U.S. and Canada in many areas, or your country’s emergency line).
- If someone may be overdosing on opioids, give naloxone (Narcan) if available and call emergency services. If you’re in the U.S. and need crisis support now, call or text 988.

If not an immediate emergency, here are helpful next steps and options
- Reach out to a medical professional (primary care, urgent care, emergency department) to assess medical risks and withdrawal needs. Some withdrawals can be dangerous and require supervised detox.
- Consider evidence-based treatments:
- Medications for opioid use disorder: buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone.
- Medications for alcohol use disorder: naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram.
- Counseling and behavioral therapies (CBT, motivational interviewing), outpatient programs, or residential treatment when needed.
- Harm-reduction measures if use continues: don’t use alone, have someone know your location, carry naloxone if opioids are involved, and consider drug-checking resources where available (e.g., fentanyl test strips).
- Support groups and peer support: AA/NA, SMART Recovery, recovery community organizations, and peer recovery specialists can be very helpful.
- For treatment referrals in the U.S., SAMHSA’s national helpline 1-800-662-HELP (4357) is available 24/7 for free, confidential referrals. If you’re outside the U.S., tell me your country and I’ll look up local helplines and services.

If you want, I can:
- Help find local treatment centers, hotlines, or naloxone resources (tell me your location).
- Help you plan a safe next step or draft what to say to a doctor, family member, or employer.
- Provide information about a specific substance, withdrawal symptoms, or medications.

You don’t have to handle this alone — tell me how you’d like to proceed. » More » Less

Experts Explain Addiction and Its Health Harms

Addiction is a chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive substance use or engagement in rewarding behaviors despite harmful consequences, Experts Explain Addiction and Its Health Harms

Addiction is a chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive substance use or engagement in rewarding behaviors despite harmful consequences, experts say. Clinicians describe a pattern of changing brain circuits — reward, stress and self-control — that reinforces seeking and using. Over time tolerance can develop, requiring greater amounts to achieve the same effect, and withdrawal symptoms appear when use stops.

Health harms from addiction are wide-ranging. Physically, substance addictions can damage the heart, liver and lungs, impair immune function and increase risk of overdose and infectious disease. Behaviorally driven addictions, such as gambling or excessive screen use, may contribute to sedentary lifestyles, poor sleep and disrupted eating. Psychologically, addiction commonly co-occurs with depression, anxiety and suicidality, complicating diagnosis and care.

Social and economic consequences further erode wellbeing. Addiction often undermines relationships, employment and housing stability, which in turn worsens health outcomes. Children and families experience secondary effects, including neglect, trauma and increased healthcare needs, clinicians report.

Evidence-based treatment reduces harm and supports recovery. Approaches include medications for opioid, alcohol and tobacco dependence, cognitive behavioral therapy, contingency management and harm reduction strategies such as supervised consumption services and needle exchange. Integrated care that addresses co-occurring mental health conditions improves prognosis, specialists say.

Public health experts emphasize prevention, early intervention and reducing stigma. Screening in primary care, access to affordable treatment, education about safe prescribing and community support networks are cited as critical measures. While addiction can be chronic and relapsing, many people achieve sustained recovery with appropriate medical, psychological and social supports.

Researchers note that timely intervention lowers hospitalizations and disease spread, and policymakers are urged to fund integrated services, workforce training and public education campaigns to expand evidence-based care and decrease the long-term medical, social and economic toll of addiction across communities nationally and locally. » More » Less

Short answer
Addiction is a chronic, relapsing condition in which a person compulsively seeks and uses a substance or engages in a behavior despite harmful consequences. It results from changes in Short answer
Addiction is a chronic, relapsing condition in which a person compulsively seeks and uses a substance or engages in a behavior despite harmful consequences. It results from changes in brain circuits that control reward, motivation, memory and self-control. Addiction can seriously damage physical health, mental health, relationships, work or school performance, and increase risk of overdose and early death.

What addiction is (key points)
- Substance addiction: compulsive use of alcohol, opioids, stimulants, nicotine, cannabis, benzodiazepines, etc.
- Behavioral (process) addictions: gambling, gaming, internet use, sex, shopping, etc. They don’t involve a drug but can produce similar compulsive patterns and brain changes.
- Core features: tolerance (needing more to get the same effect), withdrawal (unpleasant symptoms when stopping), craving, loss of control, and continued use despite harm.
- Medical model: addiction is best understood as a disorder of the brain’s reward, stress and self-control systems — not a moral failing.

How it affects the brain
- Increased dopamine signaling tied to reward and learning reinforces drug-taking or the behavior.
- Repeated exposure leads to neuroadaptation — reduced sensitivity to natural rewards, stronger cravings, and impaired decision-making (prefrontal cortex dysfunction).
- These brain changes make quitting hard and increase relapse risk even after long periods of abstinence.

How it affects physical health (examples)
- Alcohol: liver disease (fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis), pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, cancers, accidents.
- Opioids: respiratory depression and fatal overdose, constipation, hormonal problems, increased risk of infections if injected.
- Tobacco/nicotine: COPD, emphysema, lung cancer, heart disease, stroke.
- Stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine): heart attack, stroke, arrhythmias, dental problems, severe weight loss, mental health symptoms.
- Injecting drugs: higher risk of HIV, hepatitis B and C, bacterial infections, endocarditis.
- Prescription medication misuse: organ damage, overdose, interactions with other drugs.
- Behavioral addictions: sleep disruption, poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, increased stress, social and financial harms; may indirectly worsen physical health.

How it affects mental and social health
- Higher rates of depression, anxiety, psychosis, and suicide.
- Impaired cognition (attention, memory, planning).
- Relationship breakups, family stress, job loss, legal problems, financial hardship.
- Stigma and isolation can worsen outcomes and delay help-seeking.

Withdrawal and overdose
- Withdrawal symptoms vary by substance (shaking, sweating, anxiety, nausea, seizures, delirium tremens with severe alcohol withdrawal). Some withdrawals can be life-threatening and require medical supervision.
- Overdose can be fatal (especially with opioids and combinations of central nervous system depressants). Naloxone can reverse opioid overdose if given promptly.

Treatment and harm reduction (effective approaches)
- Addiction is treatable. Approaches include psychosocial therapies (cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, contingency management), mutual-support groups (AA, NA), and medication-assisted treatments where available (methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone for opioid use disorder; nicotine replacement, bupropion, varenicline for tobacco; acamprosate/disulfiram for alcohol in some cases).
- Harm reduction reduces immediate risks: safer use practices, sterile injection equipment, supervised consumption sites, naloxone distribution, and overdose education.
- Integrated care that treats co-occurring mental health conditions and social needs (housing, employment) improves outcomes.

When to seek help
- If use is causing problems (health, relationships, work) or you experience loss of control, tolerance, withdrawal, or strong cravings.
- Seek urgent help for severe withdrawal symptoms, signs of overdose (unresponsiveness, slow/shallow breathing, very small pupils), or thoughts of harming yourself or others.

Practical next steps
- Talk with a primary care doctor, addiction specialist, or mental health professional.
- If immediate danger or suspected overdose, call emergency services right away.
- If you’re in the United States, you can contact SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357) for treatment referral, or call 988 for immediate crisis support. If elsewhere, contact local health services or emergency numbers.

If you want, tell me more about the substance or behavior you’re concerned about and whether you or someone else needs urgent help — I can give more specific information and next steps. » More » Less

City — Health experts warn that substance addiction often presents a recognizable cluster of signs that can help families and clinicians identify people in need of treatment. Clinicians say patterns City — Health experts warn that substance addiction often presents a recognizable cluster of signs that can help families and clinicians identify people in need of treatment. Clinicians say patterns include escalating use, loss of control, and persistent cravings.

Behavioral indicators frequently reported include unsuccessful attempts to cut down, time spent obtaining or recovering from substances, neglect of responsibilities at work, school or home, and continuing use despite negative consequences. "One hallmark is the shift from voluntary use to compulsive use," said Dr. Laura Nguyen, an addiction medicine specialist at a metropolitan treatment center. "Patients describe intense cravings and an inability to stop even when they want to."

Physical signs may include changes in sleep or appetite, weight loss, slurred speech, poor coordination, and increased tolerance requiring larger amounts to achieve the same effect. Withdrawal symptoms—such as sweating, tremors, nausea or agitation—often appear when use is reduced.

Psychological and emotional changes include mood swings, anxiety, depression, reduced interest in formerly enjoyed activities, and isolation. Social and legal consequences commonly noted by experts include damaged relationships, financial strain, job loss and encounters with law enforcement.

Screenings by trained professionals often use standardized criteria to assess severity and guide treatment. "Early recognition and evidence-based care, including medication-assisted treatment and counseling, improve outcomes," said Maria Torres, a licensed clinical social worker with two decades treating substance use disorders.

Public health agencies recommend that concerned individuals seek confidential evaluation through primary care providers, community clinics or certified treatment programs. Support for families, harm reduction measures and access to naloxone for opioid reversal are cited as critical components of a comprehensive response.

Awareness of these common signs can prompt timely intervention and reduce the toll of addiction on individuals and communities. Local resources and confidential hotlines can connect people with immediate support and long-term recovery options today. » More » Less

Yes. The consensus in medicine and public health is that addiction is a health condition — specifically a chronic, relapsing disorder that affects the brain and behavior.

Key points:
- Def Yes. The consensus in medicine and public health is that addiction is a health condition — specifically a chronic, relapsing disorder that affects the brain and behavior.

Key points:
- Definitions: Major authorities (DSM-5, WHO, American Medical Association, National Institute on Drug Abuse) classify substance use disorders and certain behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling disorder) as medical/mental-health conditions.
- Biology and behavior: Repeated substance use or compulsive behaviors change brain circuits involved in reward, motivation, stress, and self-control (e.g., prefrontal cortex and reward pathways). Those changes make it hard to stop despite harmful consequences.
- Biopsychosocial nature: Biological factors interact with psychological (trauma, mental health) and social factors (environment, access, stigma). So treatment usually combines medical, psychological, and social supports.
- Course and treatment: Addiction is often chronic and relapsing but treatable. Approaches include medications, psychotherapy, harm reduction, social support, and addressing co-occurring conditions.
- Stigma and responsibility: Calling addiction a health condition doesn’t remove personal responsibility, but it shifts response toward care and evidence-based treatment rather than punishment and blame.

If you want, I can summarize the neuroscience in more detail, list treatment options, or point to reputable resources. » More » Less