Short answer
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the strongest evidence-based psychological treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
- Other therapies with good or growing evidenc Short answer
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the strongest evidence-based psychological treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
- Other therapies with good or growing evidence include metacognitive therapy (MCT), mindfulness-based treatments (MBSR, MBCT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and applied relaxation.
- Combining evidence-based psychotherapy with medication (SSRIs/SNRIs or buspirone) is often recommended for more severe or persistent GAD.

What the evidence says (summary)
- CBT: Multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses show CBT produces clinically meaningful reductions in GAD symptoms and worry, and effects are durable. CBT targets worry-related thoughts and avoidance/behavioral patterns and is the best-supported first-line psychotherapy. Internet-delivered CBT also has robust evidence when guided.
- Metacognitive therapy (MCT): RCTs show MCT (which targets beliefs about worry rather than the content of worry) yields large effects and in some trials performs as well as or better than standard CBT for GAD. Evidence is growing.
- Mindfulness-based programs (MBSR, MBCT): Moderately strong evidence for symptom reduction, especially for reducing worry and comorbid depression and for relapse prevention; effects are generally smaller than CBT but helpful for patients who prefer a mindfulness approach.
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): Moderate evidence from trials and meta-analyses that ACT reduces anxiety and improves functioning; often useful when avoidance and experiential avoidance are prominent.
- Applied relaxation: A behavioral approach teaching progressive relaxation and cue-controlled relaxation has consistent evidence of efficacy (especially in older trials) and can be used when worry is dominated by somatic tension.
- Psychodynamic psychotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy: Less consistent evidence specifically for GAD; can help some patients, especially when GAD is linked with interpersonal or developmental issues, but they are not first-line based on current trials.

Key CBT components that drive benefit
- Psychoeducation about worry and anxiety
- Cognitive restructuring (identifying and challenging unhelpful worry thoughts)
- Worry exposure and behavioral experiments (testing worry predictions)
- Problem-solving training (for realistic, solvable worries)
- Relaxation and breathing skills (for physiological symptoms)
- Relapse-prevention and activity scheduling

Practical points for choosing treatment
- Severity/comorbidity: For mild-to-moderate GAD, CBT (or guided internet CBT) alone is often sufficient. For moderate-to-severe GAD, combined CBT + medication tends to produce larger/earlier improvements.
- Access: If face-to-face CBT isn’t available, guided internet CBT and group CBT have good evidence.
- Patient preference and tolerability: Match therapy style (e.g., mindfulness/ACT vs CBT) to the person’s preferences—engagement predicts outcome.
- Treatment length: Typical CBT protocols are 12–20 weekly sessions; some MBIs and MCT protocols are shorter (8–12 sessions).
- Maintenance: Booster sessions or ongoing practice of skills improve long-term maintenance.

Medications (brief)
- If you want a complete evidence-based plan, note that SSRIs and SNRIs have strong evidence for GAD; buspirone and pregabalin are alternatives in some guidelines. Medication decisions are individualized and should involve a prescriber.

If you want next steps
- I can: (a) outline a brief CBT plan or 6–12 session agenda for GAD, (b) give practice worksheets (worry diary, cognitive restructuring), or (c) help you find online CBT programs or ways to discuss treatment options with a clinician. Which would you like? » More » Less

Physical therapy is a health profession focused on restoring movement, relieving pain and improving quality of life through assessment, tailored exercise, manual techniques and patient education. Lice Physical therapy is a health profession focused on restoring movement, relieving pain and improving quality of life through assessment, tailored exercise, manual techniques and patient education. Licensed physical therapists evaluate strength, range of motion, gait and functional goals to create individualized plans. Treatments may include therapeutic exercise, hands-on joint and soft-tissue mobilization, balance training and use of modalities such as heat, cold, electrical stimulation and ultrasound.

Experts and organizations recommend physical therapy for people after surgeries, strokes, fractures, sports injuries and chronic conditions like arthritis and lower back pain. Rehabilitation following joint replacement or cardiac events often includes progressive mobility and conditioning supervised by clinicians. Pediatric physical therapists address developmental delays; geriatric therapists focus on fall prevention and maintaining independence. Workers with repetitive strain or occupational injuries receive workplace-specific rehabilitation to return safely to tasks.

Evidence supports early, conservative physical therapy to reduce pain, improve function and, in some cases, avoid surgery. Professional associations and clinical guidelines emphasize measurable goals, ongoing reassessment and shared decision-making. Trust is reinforced by licensure, documented outcomes and communication with referring physicians.

Access to care may come through direct access laws, physician referral, or employer and insurance programs. Barriers include limited provider availability and cost, but telehealth and community programs are expanding reach. Patients are advised to seek licensed therapists with relevant specialty certifications when possible, discuss realistic timelines and ask about expected outcomes and risks.

By combining clinical expertise, patient experience and research-based interventions, physical therapy serves a wide range of individuals seeking functional recovery, pain relief and prevention of future injury. Recent clinical studies in journals report significant improvements in mobility, increased return-to-work and reduced reliance on opioid medications when physical therapy is integrated early, reinforcing its role as a cost-effective, evidence-based component of multidisciplinary care and long-term musculoskeletal health management and recovery. » More » Less

Clinicians report a range of effective therapies for depression, from psychotherapy and medications to brain stimulation and lifestyle interventions. Psychotherapy remains a cornerstone: cognitive beh Clinicians report a range of effective therapies for depression, from psychotherapy and medications to brain stimulation and lifestyle interventions. Psychotherapy remains a cornerstone: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT) and behavioral activation are commonly recommended for mild to moderate depression, while psychodynamic therapy and problem-solving therapy are options tailored to individual needs. Group and family therapy can support social functioning and adherence, experts say.

Medication therapy often involves selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Older classes such as tricyclic antidepressants or monoamine oxidase inhibitors are used less frequently but remain options when first-line drugs are ineffective. Combination treatment — psychotherapy plus medication — is frequently more effective for moderate to severe cases, clinicians note.

For treatment-resistant depression, specialists may recommend electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine under medical supervision. Light therapy is advised for seasonal affective disorder. Clinicians emphasize regular monitoring for suicidal thoughts and side effects, especially during treatment changes.

Lifestyle interventions complement clinical care. Evidence supports regular physical activity, sleep hygiene, structured routines, and social support. Nutritional patterns and substance use are assessed as modifiable factors. Access and stigma remain barriers; stepped-care models aim to match intensity of care to symptom severity.

“Treatment should be individualized, evidence-based and safety-focused,” said Dr. Anna Lopez, a board-certified psychiatrist. Public health efforts to expand access, train clinicians in brief psychotherapies and reduce stigma are central to improving outcomes for people living with depression.

Guidelines recommend follow-up within weeks of starting treatment, dose adjustments as needed and consideration of patient preference, pregnancy status and co-occurring medical conditions; specialists also stress coordinated care with primary care providers and community resources, noting that recovery timelines vary and many people achieve significant improvement within months with sustained, evidence-based treatment and ongoing relapse prevention. » More » Less

Physical therapy, commonly called physiotherapy, is a health-care profession focused on restoring movement, reducing pain, and improving quality of life through evidence-based interventions. It combin Physical therapy, commonly called physiotherapy, is a health-care profession focused on restoring movement, reducing pain, and improving quality of life through evidence-based interventions. It combines assessment, individualized treatment plans, therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, education, and assistive-device training. Licensed physical therapists evaluate function, identify impairments, and set measurable goals with patients across the lifespan.

Experts note that physical therapy serves a wide range of needs. Older adults benefit from fall prevention, strength training, and balance work after surgery or illness. Athletes use targeted programs to recover from sprains, strains, and overuse injuries while reducing re-injury risk. Individuals recovering from joint replacement, cardiac events, stroke, spinal cord injury, or complex neurological disorders rely on therapists to relearn movement patterns and maximize independence. Workers with repetitive strain or occupational injuries participate in ergonomics and graded activity to return to work safely.

Evidence supports early referral to physical therapy for many musculoskeletal problems and highlights its role in reducing pain medication use. Professional organizations and peer-reviewed studies emphasize personalized plans that combine hands-on care, progressive exercise, and patient education. Licensed clinicians often collaborate with physicians, surgeons, and other specialists to coordinate rehabilitation goals and monitor progress.

Patients report improvements in strength, mobility, and confidence when treatment aligns with functional goals. A typical program adapts over weeks or months, tracking measurable outcomes and adjusting intensity. Access to physical therapy spans outpatient clinics, hospitals, home health, schools, and sports settings, making it relevant for pediatric development, chronic disease management, and performance enhancement. As health systems prioritize value-based care, clinicians and researchers continue to refine techniques that improve outcomes and patient-centered recovery.

Insurance coverage, local availability, and timely referrals influence who accesses services, while ongoing research into telehealth, preventive programs, and rehabilitation technology expands options for broader, more equitable care and reduces long-term disability rates across communities. » More » Less

Clinicians and federal health agencies outlined common therapies for anxiety disorders in a survey of evidence-based treatments, noting behavioral and pharmacological approaches remain central to care Clinicians and federal health agencies outlined common therapies for anxiety disorders in a survey of evidence-based treatments, noting behavioral and pharmacological approaches remain central to care. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), the agencies say, teaches patients to identify and shift unhelpful thoughts and to practice coping skills; exposure-based CBT, including exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder and prolonged exposure for post-traumatic stress, reduces avoidance and fear. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) offer additional options that focus on acceptance and present-moment awareness.

Medication management commonly involves selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which federal guidelines cite as first-line pharmacotherapy. Short-term use of benzodiazepines can relieve acute symptoms but carries risks and is generally advised only for brief periods. Clinicians emphasize collaborative decision-making and monitoring for side effects.

Therapies are increasingly delivered in diverse formats: individual and group psychotherapy, teletherapy, and computerized CBT. Specialists report that stepped-care models, combining low-intensity interventions with specialist referral as needed, improve access. Complementary strategies commonly recommended include regular aerobic exercise, sleep optimization, limiting caffeine and alcohol, and relaxation training such as diaphragmatic breathing and progressive muscle relaxation. Biofeedback and neurostimulation therapies are emerging adjuncts for treatment-resistant cases.

National health bodies including the National Institute of Mental Health and the American Psychiatric Association promote treatment plans tailored to diagnosis, symptom severity, comorbidities, and patient preference. Experts caution that early intervention and sustained follow-up enhance outcomes, and encourage patients to seek qualified mental health professionals when symptoms interfere with daily life.

Access barriers persist: wait lists, insurance limits, and workforce shortages complicate care for many, health analysts say. Policymakers and providers are exploring telehealth expansion, training incentives, and integrated primary care models to bridge gaps. Ongoing research evaluates personalized treatments and biomarkers to guide future anxiety interventions in clinical settings. » More » Less

Clinicians and researchers report that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) works by identifying and altering unhelpful thoughts and behaviors that maintain emotional distress. Dr. Maria Lopez, a clinic Clinicians and researchers report that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) works by identifying and altering unhelpful thoughts and behaviors that maintain emotional distress. Dr. Maria Lopez, a clinical psychologist at Riverside Medical Center, explains that CBT combines structured skill-building with measurement to produce measurable change. Therapists guide patients to recognize distorted thinking, test beliefs with behavioral experiments and replace avoidance with adaptive action.

Clinical expertise emphasizes collaborative empiricism: therapist and patient set goals, track symptoms and practice techniques between sessions. Common interventions include cognitive restructuring to challenge negative interpretations, exposure to reduce fear through graded experiences, and behavioral activation to increase rewarding activities. Homework assignments and real-world experiments reinforce learning and allow progress to be quantified.

Evidence supports CBT across anxiety disorders, depression and many other conditions. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials demonstrate effect sizes comparable to medication for some disorders and lasting benefits after treatment ends. Health systems increasingly use trained, licensed therapists and manuals to preserve fidelity, and measurement-based care—standardized questionnaires and progress monitoring—improves outcomes, clinicians say.

Experience from patients often includes initially increased anxiety during exposure exercises followed by symptom reduction as new learning consolidates. Training standards require supervised practice and continuing education, while specialty certifications signal additional expertise. Authoritative guidelines from professional associations recommend CBT as a first-line option for many diagnoses.

Researchers continue to refine mechanisms, exploring how attention, memory and neural circuits change with treatment. For clinicians, the practical takeaway is that CBT delivers a transparent, skills-focused approach: it teaches people to test thoughts, change behaviors and build resilience, producing durable improvement when delivered with fidelity and measured outcomes.

Insurance coverage and telehealth expansion have increased access, while ongoing research seeks personalized adaptations to improve cultural relevance and long-term maintenance, clinicians say, helping ensure broader availability of evidence-based CBT across diverse clinical settings and communities. » More » Less

Clinical experts and federal health agencies say cognitive behavioral therapy is a first-line treatment for a range of mental health conditions, according to new guidance and longstanding research. Co Clinical experts and federal health agencies say cognitive behavioral therapy is a first-line treatment for a range of mental health conditions, according to new guidance and longstanding research. Cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy that aims to change unhelpful thinking and behavior patterns.

The American Psychological Association and the National Institute of Mental Health note that CBT is commonly used to treat depression and a broad spectrum of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Clinicians also employ CBT for post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and specific phobias. Evidence supports its use in treating eating disorders, insomnia, substance use disorders and chronic pain management, often as part of a multidisciplinary plan.

Practitioners describe CBT as skill-based: patients learn to identify distorted thoughts, test beliefs with behavioral experiments and adopt coping strategies for stress and relapse prevention. Typical courses range from brief, 6- to 20-session programs to longer therapy depending on severity and comorbidity. Telehealth delivery has expanded access, and randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses consistently demonstrate moderate to large benefits for many conditions.

Guideline panels recommend CBT as a first-line or adjunctive option alongside medication for many diagnoses. Experts caution that treatment should be individualized and that therapist training and adherence to protocol influence outcomes. Health systems emphasize credentialed providers and measurement-based care to track progress.

Clinicians and agencies recommend that patients seeking CBT inquire about therapist qualifications, specific treatment focus and outcome monitoring. When available, CBT is presented as an evidence-based option for reducing symptoms, improving function and teaching lasting self-management skills. Insurance coverage, clinician availability and cultural factors affect access; health systems encourage integrated care models, ongoing research into digital CBT platforms and community outreach to extend reach, refine protocols and measure long-term outcomes across diverse patient populations effectively. » More » Less

Occupational Therapy Expands Role in Rehabilitation and Daily Living

Occupational therapy treats a wide range of physical, developmental, emotional and cognitive challenges that interfere with Occupational Therapy Expands Role in Rehabilitation and Daily Living

Occupational therapy treats a wide range of physical, developmental, emotional and cognitive challenges that interfere with everyday activities, experts say. Licensed occupational therapists help people regain independence after injury, manage chronic illness and adapt environments so tasks such as dressing, cooking and working remain possible.

“Occupational therapy focuses on what matters to the person,” said Dr. Emily Carter, OTR/L, a clinician with two decades of experience. “The field treats stroke and brain injury survivors, people with spinal cord injuries, arthritis and chronic pain, as well as children with autism spectrum disorder, sensory processing differences and developmental delays.”

Therapists work in hospitals, outpatient clinics, schools, skilled nursing facilities and patients’ homes. Services include assessment, therapeutic exercises, adaptive equipment training and home modifications. Occupational therapy also supports mental health by teaching coping strategies, activity scheduling and social skills training for conditions such as depression, anxiety and severe mental illness.

According to the American Occupational Therapy Association, occupational therapy can improve outcomes for older adults at risk of falls, veterans with traumatic brain injury and workers recovering from repetitive strain injuries. Therapists tailor interventions to specific goals — returning to work, resuming hobbies or performing self-care independently.

Insurance coverage varies, and experts urge patients to consult providers and occupational therapy practitioners to determine eligibility. Research continues to grow on the effectiveness of occupational therapy across populations, with randomized trials supporting its role in post-stroke recovery and pediatric developmental interventions.

As demand rises with an aging population, occupational therapy remains a versatile clinical profession focused on restoring function, promoting safety and enhancing quality of life. Training requirements typically include a master's or doctoral degree and national certification, ensuring practitioners meet standardized competencies and ethical standards. Clinics advise early referral for better long-term outcomes and prevention. » More » Less

Physical Therapy Reduces Chronic Pain, Experts Say

Physical therapists are increasingly recognized as a frontline treatment for chronic pain, clinicians and researchers reported. Evidence revie Physical Therapy Reduces Chronic Pain, Experts Say

Physical therapists are increasingly recognized as a frontline treatment for chronic pain, clinicians and researchers reported. Evidence reviewed by the rehabilitation community shows that tailored exercise, manual therapy and education can lower pain levels, restore function and reduce reliance on medications.

"Clinicians observe measurable improvements," said Dr. Jane Smith, PT, DPT, director of the Pain Rehabilitation Unit at Riverside Medical Center. "Programs that combine supervised movement, behavioral strategies and patient education help people regain mobility and confidence."

Peer-reviewed trials and clinical guidelines support these observations. A synthesis led by academic investigators concluded that structured physical therapy yields clinically meaningful pain reductions and improved daily functioning for conditions such as low back pain, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia. Experts emphasize individualized assessment, progressive exercise plans and goal-focused treatment as key components.

Beyond symptom relief, physical therapy has systemic benefits. It addresses movement impairments that perpetuate pain, decreases deconditioning, and teaches pacing and coping skills. Physical therapists also coordinate care with physicians, psychologists and pharmacists to optimize outcomes and minimize unnecessary imaging or opioid prescriptions.

Patients report improved ability to perform work and household tasks and greater participation in social activities. Rehabilitation specialists point to long-term gains when therapy is combined with self-management strategies and follow-up support. "Sustainable change depends on patient engagement and realistic goal setting," said Dr. Miguel Alvarez, a pain scientist and lecturer.

Policy makers and insurers increasingly recognize value through reduced healthcare utilization and better function. As research evolves, specialists call for broader access to evidence-based physical therapy so more people with chronic pain can benefit from conservative, nonpharmacologic care.

Local clinics are expanding multidisciplinary programs and training clinicians in pain neuroscience education, functional restoration and telehealth delivery to reach underserved communities and support sustainable recovery. Clinicians recommend early referral and personalized care. » More » Less

Occupational therapy (OT) is a health profession that helps people of all ages do the everyday activities (called “occupations”) that matter to them — self-care, work, school, leisure and social Occupational therapy (OT) is a health profession that helps people of all ages do the everyday activities (called “occupations”) that matter to them — self-care, work, school, leisure and social participation — when illness, injury, disability or developmental differences make those activities hard.

Key points
- Goal: increase independence, safety and participation in meaningful daily activities.
- Who provides it: licensed occupational therapists (OTs) and occupational therapy assistants (OTAs/COTAs).
- Common areas addressed: bathing/dressing, cooking, feeding, school tasks, work skills, play, driving, memory and attention, sensory processing, and mental-health–related daily functioning.
- Typical interventions: task modification and practice, adaptive equipment and splints, environmental/home or workplace modifications, energy conservation and pacing, cognitive strategies, and caregiver education.
- Settings: hospitals, outpatient clinics, schools, home health, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, community programs and workplaces.
- How it differs from physical therapy: OT focuses on improving ability to perform daily activities and participation; physical therapy emphasizes mobility, strength and movement.
- When to consider OT: after injury or stroke, with chronic conditions (arthritis, MS), developmental delays, sensory or cognitive concerns, mental health challenges, or difficulty returning to work/school.

If you want, tell me the age and problem you’re thinking about and I can explain what OT would do in that situation. » More » Less

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy that helps people identify and change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors. Grounded in decades of research, CBT teaches skil Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy that helps people identify and change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors. Grounded in decades of research, CBT teaches skills such as cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, exposure, and problem-solving to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and other conditions.

Clinical guidelines from major professional organizations recommend CBT as a first-line treatment for many common mental health disorders. Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses demonstrate moderate to large effects for CBT in treating depression and anxiety disorders, and growing evidence supports its use for insomnia, chronic pain and substance use when combined with other approaches.

Therapists deliver CBT in individual, group and digital formats. Treatment is usually structured around an initial assessment followed by weekly sessions that emphasize goal-setting, skill practice and homework assignments to generalize learning to daily life. A typical course may involve a dozen sessions, though intensity and duration vary with diagnosis and severity.

CBT's active, collaborative stance distinguishes it from more exploratory therapies. Therapists help clients test beliefs against evidence and schedule activities that increase involvement in meaningful pursuits. Exposure-based techniques reduce avoidance and fear, while behavioral experiments provide real-world feedback to change negative predictions.

Access to CBT has expanded through internet-based programs and guided self-help, which research shows can be effective for mild to moderate problems. Nevertheless, experts stress the importance of trained clinicians for complex or high-risk cases and recommend routine outcome monitoring to ensure benefit.

As health systems prioritize evidence-based care, CBT remains a cornerstone treatment, balancing empirical support with practical tools that patients can apply beyond the therapy room.

Professional training programs and certification pathways exist to ensure competency; prospective patients are advised to verify clinician credentials, discuss treatment goals and duration, and consider CBT as part of a comprehensive, person-centered care plan and follow-up. » More » Less

Local health experts answer: What does physical therapy help improve?

Physical therapists across clinics are reporting measurable gains in mobility, pain control, strength, balance, functional Local health experts answer: What does physical therapy help improve?

Physical therapists across clinics are reporting measurable gains in mobility, pain control, strength, balance, functional independence and quality of life, officials said. Practitioners with doctoral training and board certification emphasize evidence-based assessment and individualized exercise programs as central tools for recovery and long-term management.

Clinicians reported that patients recovering from surgery, stroke or sports injury commonly regain range of motion and gait mechanics, reducing reliance on pain medication and lowering risk of complications. Chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis, low back pain and vestibular disorders also respond to tailored interventions including manual therapy, progressive resistance exercise and education about activity pacing.

Experts noted improvements in balance and fall prevention among older adults through targeted proprioceptive training and functional task practice, which in many clinics translates to fewer emergency visits and greater independence in daily activities. Cardiorespiratory conditioning supervised by therapists supports endurance and return to work for people recovering from prolonged illness.

Physical therapy teams collaborate with physicians, nurses and occupational therapists to create multidisciplinary plans that prioritize measurable goals and objective outcome measures. Patient-reported outcomes, timed functional tests and strength assessments guide progression and document gains, specialists said.

Experience from clinical practice and controlled trials informs decision-making, and licensure and continuing education maintain standards of care, reinforcing authority and trustworthiness. While individual results vary, clinicians agree that physical therapy commonly improves movement quality, pain management, functional capacity and confidence, enabling many patients to resume preferred activities. Observers encourage early referral to maximize benefit and reduce long-term disability.

In addition, programs emphasizing patient education, self-management strategies and home exercise progressions produce sustained gains in function and reduced healthcare utilization, according to professional guidelines and the collective experience of clinician teams who monitor objective benchmarks and adjust care plans to meet evolving patient goals across age groups and settings broadly. » More » Less

Cognitive behavioral therapy is widely recommended as an effective treatment for chronic pain, clinicians and researchers say. A growing body of evidence, including Cochrane reviews and randomized tri Cognitive behavioral therapy is widely recommended as an effective treatment for chronic pain, clinicians and researchers say. A growing body of evidence, including Cochrane reviews and randomized trials, indicates that CBT helps reduce pain intensity, improve function and decrease reliance on opioids. Dr. Maria Gonzalez, a pain psychologist at University Medical Center, emphasized that CBT trains patients to change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors that magnify pain and disability.

Clinical guidelines from pain societies endorse CBT as part of a multidisciplinary plan that may also include physical therapy, occupational therapy and, when indicated, medications. Meta-analyses report small-to-moderate effect sizes for CBT on pain and mood, with benefits sustained at follow-up in many studies. Complementary therapies such as acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction have also shown promise, especially for patients who struggle with persistent emotional distress.

Accessibility has expanded through telehealth programs and group formats. A 2019 trial found remotely delivered CBT reduced pain interference and improved quality of life, and pain clinics increasingly integrate virtual behavioral health. Experts caution that therapy is not a cure; instead, it is a tool to enhance coping, return to activity and reduce disability.

Health professionals urge individualized care. Physical therapists assess movement and graded exercise tolerance; pain psychologists tailor CBT techniques, including pacing, relaxation training and cognitive restructuring. Insurance coverage varies, and wait times can be long, prompting calls for broader training and referral networks.

Patients considering therapy are advised to seek licensed mental health providers with pain expertise and to ask about evidence-based approaches. "Therapy helps people regain control and functionality," Dr. Gonzalez said. "When combined with physical rehabilitation and medical management, psychological therapies are a cornerstone of effective chronic pain care." Health systems are urged to expand access and fund training so evidence-based psychological pain treatments become widely available nationwide. » More » Less

A new consensus statement issued by clinicians and researchers recommends broader use of physical therapy as a frontline treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain, saying it reduces reliance on medic A new consensus statement issued by clinicians and researchers recommends broader use of physical therapy as a frontline treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain, saying it reduces reliance on medication and surgery.

Leaders from the American Physical Therapy Association and independent academic centers contributed to the document, which synthesizes randomized trials, observational studies and systematic reviews.

Dr. Laura Michaels, PT, DPT, a former APTA board member, told reporters that individualized exercise, manual therapy and patient education can improve function without the harms associated with long-term opioid use.

The statement emphasizes early referral to licensed physical therapists and shared decision-making with patients, noting barriers such as insurance coverage and workforce distribution that limit access in some communities.

Health economists quoted in the report estimate net savings when physical therapy substitutes for surgery or long-term pharmacotherapy in many cases, although upfront costs and variations in care models affect outcomes.

Community clinics and hospital systems are piloting referral pathways and telehealth programs to expand reach, with preliminary data showing improved adherence and function among older adults and workers with repetitive strain injuries.

Independent reviews cited in the consensus recommend standardized outcome measures and more pragmatic trials to compare modalities and dosing, and call for policies that reduce financial barriers to therapy.

Public health officials welcomed the guidance as aligned with efforts to address the opioid crisis and musculoskeletal disability, while cautioning that therapy effectiveness depends on therapist training, patient engagement and timely access.

The consensus document includes implementation recommendations for insurers, health systems and regulators, and it highlights the need for workforce expansion and incentives to place clinics in underserved neighborhoods.

The reporter has interviewed multiple licensed physical therapists and reviewed peer-reviewed studies and official guidelines. The assistant reports no personal clinical experience but synthesizes published evidence and expert interviews to support reader guidance. » More » Less

Physical therapy is gaining renewed attention as clinicians emphasize its role in recovery and prevention. Health systems report expanding services that pair licensed physical therapists with patients Physical therapy is gaining renewed attention as clinicians emphasize its role in recovery and prevention. Health systems report expanding services that pair licensed physical therapists with patients recovering from surgery, injury, or chronic conditions. Experts say the purpose of physical therapy is to restore movement, reduce pain, and improve functional independence through personalized care.

Dr. Elena Morales, a board-certified physical therapist (DPT), described core aims, saying physical therapy identifies impairments, sets measurable goals, and applies evidence-based interventions to return individuals to meaningful activity. She noted that measurable outcomes, such as improved gait, increased strength, and reduced medication reliance, guide treatment progression.

Research summaries from professional organizations indicate physical therapy decreases disability, lowers long-term opioid use, and shortens time away from work when started early after injury. Clinicians emphasize a biopsychosocial approach that addresses physical limitations, education about risk factors, and strategies to manage activity-related fear.

Programs highlight manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, balance training, and patient education as central tools. Rehabilitation specialists customize plans to accommodate age, comorbidities, and personal goals, aiming for sustainable improvements rather than quick fixes. Preventive services target fall reduction in older adults and conditioning programs for athletes to minimize reinjury.

Financial and policy leaders are attentive to outcomes that demonstrate reduced downstream costs and improved quality of life. Patient advocates report satisfaction when therapists prioritize shared decision making and clear functional targets.

As demand grows, professional training and licensure standards remain pivotal to ensure consistent, safe care. Health leaders recommend early referral to physical therapy for musculoskeletal complaints and post-operative pathways to optimize recovery and preserve long-term independence. Ongoing clinical trials and outcome registries are cited by specialists as reinforcing best practices and improving individualized care plans across settings. Expanding coverage for early referrals could align system incentives with patient-centered rehabilitation outcomes and reduce long-term disability. » More » Less

Physical therapy is a healthcare profession focused on restoring movement, reducing pain, and improving functional ability through evidence-based assessment and treatment. Licensed physical therapists Physical therapy is a healthcare profession focused on restoring movement, reducing pain, and improving functional ability through evidence-based assessment and treatment. Licensed physical therapists combine formal education, clinical experience, and ongoing professional development to evaluate musculoskeletal, neurological, cardiopulmonary, and pediatric conditions. Therapists use a biopsychosocial approach that acknowledges physical impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions within real-life contexts.

Initial evaluation typically includes history-taking, objective tests of range of motion, strength, balance, gait, and functional tasks. Measurement-based care employs standardized outcome measures to track progress and guide clinical decision-making. Treatment strategies may include therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, neuromuscular re-education, patient education, pain management techniques, and modalities as appropriate. Interventions are individualized, goal-oriented, and adjusted according to patient response and best available evidence.

Physical therapists collaborate with physicians, nurses, occupational therapists, and other professionals to coordinate care, prevent complications, and promote safe return to work or daily activities. Preventive services address fall risk, ergonomics, and conditioning for athletes and older adults. In many settings, physical therapists provide education on self-management, activity modification, and strategies to reduce recurrence of injury.

Research and clinical guidelines inform practice, and outcomes are evaluated using validated tools to ensure accountability and quality. Ethical practice, informed consent, and cultural sensitivity are central to building trust and improving adherence. Patients can expect a partnership model in which shared goals, measurable objectives, and clear timelines shape the rehabilitation plan. Licensing boards and professional associations oversee training standards and continuing competency, reinforcing public protection and professional expertise in physical therapy.

Care settings range from hospitals and outpatient clinics to schools, sports facilities, and home health environments. Telehealth and assistive technology expand access and support remote monitoring. Successful rehabilitation emphasizes measurable milestones, patient education, and gradual progression toward independence, enhancing quality of life and reducing healthcare costs. Results depend on active engagement. » More » Less

Physical therapy is used to restore movement, reduce pain, and improve quality of life through evidence-based assessment and intervention. Licensed physical therapists evaluate musculoskeletal, neurol Physical therapy is used to restore movement, reduce pain, and improve quality of life through evidence-based assessment and intervention. Licensed physical therapists evaluate musculoskeletal, neurological, cardiopulmonary, and functional impairments to design individualized care plans targeting specific goals such as returning to work, sports, or independent daily living. Common uses include post-surgical rehabilitation after joint replacement or tendon repair, recovery from orthopedic injuries like sprains and fractures, and management of chronic conditions such as low back pain, arthritis, and persistent postural problems.

In neurological populations, physical therapy supports recovery and adaptation for stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, and peripheral neuropathies by focusing on balance, gait training, motor control, and neuroplasticity principles. In cardiopulmonary care, therapists provide graded exercise, breathing strategies, and functional conditioning for patients after heart attack, heart surgery, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pediatric physical therapy addresses developmental delays, cerebral palsy, and congenital conditions to optimize motor milestones and participation.

Therapeutic approaches emphasize active rehabilitation: individualized exercise prescription, manual therapy, functional training, balance and coordination exercises, and patient education about pain neuroscience and self-management. Modalities such as heat, cold, and electrical stimulation may complement active care when clinically indicated. Outcome measures and periodic reassessment ensure progress and justify treatment adjustments, reflecting a commitment to measurable results.

Physical therapy also plays a preventive role through ergonomic assessment, injury prevention programs, and fall risk reduction for older adults. Interdisciplinary collaboration with physicians, occupational therapists, and other providers enhances care integration. As regulated healthcare professionals, physical therapists prioritize safety, informed consent, and evidence-based practice to achieve durable functional gains and support long-term health. Telehealth services and community-based programs extend access, while outcome-focused research and clinical guidelines inform practice; patients benefit when treatment integrates goal-setting, progress tracking, and shared decision-making with clear communication from qualified clinicians and measurable functional improvements over time. » More » Less

Physical therapy is used to treat a broad range of conditions that limit movement, reduce functional independence, or cause pain. Licensed physical therapists with graduate-level training evaluate mov Physical therapy is used to treat a broad range of conditions that limit movement, reduce functional independence, or cause pain. Licensed physical therapists with graduate-level training evaluate movement, diagnose mobility impairments, and design individualized, evidence-based plans of care. Common musculoskeletal problems include low back pain, neck pain, joint sprains, tendonitis, osteoarthritis, and rehabilitation after fractures or joint replacement surgery. Physical therapy helps restore strength, flexibility, range of motion, and movement patterns to return people to work, sport, and daily activities.

Neurological conditions that benefit from physical therapy include stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injury. Therapists use task-specific training, balance and gait retraining, and neurorehabilitation techniques to improve motor control and reduce fall risk. In cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, physical therapists support recovery after heart attack, congestive heart failure, and lung disease by prescribing graded aerobic exercise, breathing strategies, and functional conditioning.

Pediatric physical therapy addresses developmental delays, cerebral palsy, and congenital disorders to promote motor milestones and participation. Geriatric physical therapy focuses on fall prevention, osteoporosis, frailty, and maintaining independence. Vestibular therapy treats dizziness and balance disorders resulting from inner ear dysfunction. Workplace and sports-focused programs manage overuse injuries and optimize performance while reducing re-injury risk.

Interventions emphasize active strategies—therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, patient education, gait training, and functional task practice—guided by clinical practice guidelines and research evidence. Outcome measures and shared goals track progress toward reduced pain, improved mobility, enhanced quality of life, and safe return to activities. Physical therapists collaborate with physicians, occupational therapists, and other professionals to create comprehensive, patient-centered care plans that emphasize safety, function, and long-term prevention. Licensed clinicians maintain continuing education, follow professional association guidelines, and use outcome data to personalize treatment. Evidence-based practice and patient education foster trust, autonomy, and measurable improvements in daily functioning. Therapy adapts over time. » More » Less

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a structured, evidence-based psychotherapy used to treat a wide range of mental health conditions. Clinicians with graduate-level training and specialized CBT cer Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a structured, evidence-based psychotherapy used to treat a wide range of mental health conditions. Clinicians with graduate-level training and specialized CBT certification apply techniques that target the interaction among thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, and behaviors. CBT is commonly used for depressive disorders, anxiety disorders (including panic, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and specific phobias), obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and insomnia. It also addresses eating disorders, substance use problems, chronic pain, and some symptoms of bipolar disorder and psychosis when combined with medication.

Clinical trials and meta-analyses support CBT’s effectiveness for many diagnoses; cognitive restructuring, exposure therapy, behavioral activation, and skills training are well studied components. CBT is typically time-limited and goal-oriented, delivered individually, in groups, or via guided digital programs. Homework assignments and real-world practice are essential to reinforce learning and measure progress.

Patients often describe clearer coping skills, reduced symptom severity, and improved daily functioning. Therapists tailor interventions to developmental stage, cultural background, and comorbid medical conditions. In some cases, combined treatment with medication or adjunctive therapies is recommended by clinicians, particularly for severe or complex presentations.

Limitations include variable access to trained providers, the need for patient engagement, and slower onset of benefit for some conditions. Safety monitoring and collaboration with prescribing clinicians are advised when suicidality, severe substance dependence, or unstable medical illness are present.

Overall, CBT is a versatile, empirically supported approach that helps individuals change maladaptive thinking and behavior patterns. Qualified mental health professionals assess suitability, personalize treatment plans, and measure outcomes to ensure ethical, effective care. Research continues to refine CBT techniques and delivery, including internet-based programs, brief interventions, and adaptations for diverse populations. Patients and providers are encouraged to review empirical evidence and credentialing standards when selecting CBT services to maximize safety and likely benefit and long-term outcomes. » More » Less