What is a mood disorder?

City — A mood disorder is a medical condition characterized by persistent disturbances in a person’s emotional state, clinicians and researchers say. The term covers illnesses in which intense or prolonged sadness, elation, or mood swings interfere with functioning. Common diagnoses include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and cyclothymic disorder.

Psychiatrists emphasize that mood disorders arise from a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. “Genetics, brain chemistry, life stressors, and chronic health problems all play roles,” said Dr. Maria Thompson, a psychiatrist at Midtown Behavioral Health. Neuroscience research identifies differences in neurotransmitter systems and neural circuitry linked to emotion regulation.

Symptoms vary by diagnosis but often include changes in sleep and appetite, fatigue, difficulties concentrating, feelings of worthlessness, and, in some cases, suicidal thinking. In bipolar disorder, patients experience episodes of mania or hypomania characterized by elevated energy, decreased need for sleep, and impulsive behavior. Persistent conditions can last months to years and significantly affect relationships and work.

Diagnosis typically follows a structured clinical assessment by a licensed mental health professional, who may use standard screening tools and consider medical causes. Treatment usually combines psychotherapy, medication such as antidepressants or mood stabilizers, and psychosocial supports. Cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy have strong evidence for effectiveness, clinicians note.

Advocates call for improved access to care and reduced stigma to encourage early help-seeking. “Timely treatment improves outcomes,” said Elena Ruiz, who has lived experience and now volunteers with a peer support network. Public health experts recommend routine screening in primary care and integrated services to reach underserved communities. Research continues to refine treatments and personalize care, and federal and local initiatives are increasingly investing in training, early intervention programs, and community-based services to reduce barriers and improve long-term recovery for people living with mood disorders nationwide efforts.