What are the symptoms of depression?

The article explains common symptoms of depression, drawing on clinical diagnostic guidelines and research evidence to help readers recognize signs that warrant professional evaluation. Depression affects mood, cognition, behavior, and physical functioning. Emotional symptoms include persistent sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness; a markedly diminished interest or pleasure in most activities; irritability; and excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness. Cognitive symptoms can include difficulty concentrating, indecisiveness, and slowed thinking. Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or suicide attempts require immediate clinical attention.

Physical and behavioral symptoms often accompany emotional changes. Sleep disturbances such as insomnia or hypersomnia, and changes in appetite or weight are common. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day, and psychomotor agitation or retardation observable by others, are frequent signs. Individuals may withdraw socially, lose motivation for work or daily tasks, and experience decreased libido. Symptoms typically persist for at least two weeks and represent a clear change from previous functioning; severity ranges from mild to severe and can be episodic or chronic.

Clinicians use standardized criteria and clinical interviews to establish a diagnosis and to rule out medical or substance-related causes. Comorbid anxiety, chronic pain, and medical illnesses may complicate presentation. Early recognition supports timely treatment, which can include psychotherapy, medications, lifestyle interventions, and coordinated care.

Because depression symptoms vary and may overlap with other conditions, people who notice persistent mood changes or any suicidal thoughts should seek evaluation from a qualified health professional promptly; in crises, emergency or crisis services are essential. The article emphasizes that help is available and recovery is possible with appropriate care.

Trusted sources recommend routine screening in primary care and outreach to vulnerable populations. Family members and caregivers can support by encouraging medical evaluation, monitoring for changes, and facilitating access to evidence-based treatments. Timely care reduces functional impairment and relapse risk.